Visualizing deaths in Finland
2022-10-03
library(tidyverse)
library(patchwork)
library(geofi)
library(pxweb)
library(scales)
library(lubridate)
library(data.table)
library(gridExtra)History
px_12at <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/kuol/statfin_kuol_pxt_12at.px",
query = list("Tiedot"=c("vm01", "vm11", "vaesto"), "Vuosi"=c("*")))
df_12at <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_12at, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_12at <- df_12at |>
rename(Live_births = "Live births") |>
mutate(Year = as.integer(Year),
Death_rate = Deaths / Population * 100000)
# Source: http://www.saunalahti.fi/arnoldus/kuolovuo.html
labels = tribble(
~Year, ~Deaths, ~Label,
1868, 137720, "Finnish famine (1866–1868)",
1918, 92102, "Civil War\n(1918)",
1948, 63846, "Winter,\nContinuation &\nLapland Wars\n(1939–45)",
1833, 55038, "Smallpox,\ndysentery\n& influenza\n(1833)",
1806, 51942, "Finnish War\n(1808-09)",
2008, 48659, "In 2021 there were\n57,659 deaths in\nFinland, highest\nsince 1940s"
)
ggplot(df_12at, aes(Year, Deaths)) +
geom_line(size = 1.1, color = "#505085") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1750, 2020, 25)) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::comma, breaks = seq(0, 150000, 10000)) +
geom_text(aes(label=Label), size = 4.5, vjust = -0.5, data=labels) +
labs(subtitle = "Deaths",
y = NULL,
x = NULL) +
theme_minimal() -> yearly_deaths_plot
yearly_plot <- function(df, y_stat, subtitle) {
ggplot(df, aes(Year, {{y_stat}})) +
geom_line(color = "#505085") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1750, 2020, 50)) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::comma) +
labs(subtitle = subtitle,
y = NULL,
x = NULL) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(text = element_text(size = 11))
}
yearly_population_plot <- yearly_plot(df_12at, Population, "Population")
yearly_births_plot <- yearly_plot(df_12at, Live_births, "Live births")
yearly_death_rate_plot <- yearly_plot(df_12at, Death_rate, "Deaths / 100,000 people")
layout <- "
AAA
AAA
BCD
"
(yearly_deaths_plot + yearly_population_plot +
yearly_births_plot + yearly_death_rate_plot +
plot_layout(design = layout)) +
plot_annotation(title = "Yearly deaths, population and births in Finland, 1749 - 2021",
caption = "source: Tilastokeskus 12at -- Vital statistics and population, 1749-2021"
) -> plot_yearly
ggsave("images//1_plot_yearly.png", plot_yearly, device = "png", dpi = 96,
width = 9, height = 9, units = c("in"))
Deadliest months
px_12ah <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/kuol/statfin_kuol_pxt_12ah.px",
query = list("Tapahtumakuukausi" = c("M01", "M02", "M03", "M04", "M05", "M06",
"M07", "M08", "M09", "M10", "M11", "M12"),
"Tiedot"=c("*"), "Vuosi"=c("*")))
df_12ah <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_12ah, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
avg_days_per_month = c(31, 28.25, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31)
df_12ah |>
rename(Month = "Month of occurrence") |>
mutate(Year = as.integer(Year),
Month = as_factor(Month),
Deaths_daily = as.integer(Deaths / avg_days_per_month),
Month_short = as_factor(rep(month.abb, n()/12)),
Decade = as.character(paste0(Year - Year %% 10, "s")),
Decade = str_replace_all(Decade, "1940s", "1945-1949")
) -> df_12ah
df_12ah |>
group_by(Month) |>
summarise(Deaths_daily = round(mean(Deaths_daily))) |>
ggplot(aes(Month, Deaths_daily)) +
geom_col() +
geom_text(aes(label = Deaths_daily), vjust = 1.5,
color = "white", size = 4) +
theme_bw() +
labs(y = NULL,
x = NULL) -> daily_deaths_month_plot
df_12ah |>
filter(Decade != "2020s") |>
group_by(Decade, Month_short) |>
summarise(Deaths_daily = round(mean(Deaths_daily))) |>
ggplot(aes(Month_short, Deaths_daily)) +
geom_col() +
theme_bw() +
facet_wrap(vars(Decade), nrow = 2) +
geom_text(aes(label = Deaths_daily),
color = "white", size = 3.2, angle = 270, hjust = -0.1) +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.15)) +
labs(subtitle = "By decade",
y = NULL,
x = NULL,
caption = "source: Tilastokeskus 12ah -- Deaths by month, 1945-2021"
) -> daily_deaths_decade_plot
plot_months <- daily_deaths_month_plot / daily_deaths_decade_plot +
plot_annotation(title = "Daily deaths in Finland by month (1945-2021)",
subtitle = "Death rates are higher in winter months")
ggsave("images//2_plot_months.png", plot_months, device = "png", dpi = 96,
width = 9, height = 9, units = c("in"))
Region and cause (2016 - 2020)
# Get the correspondence table between municipalities and regions in 2020
# https://www.stat.fi/en/luokitukset/corrmaps/kunta_1_20200101%23maakunta_1_20200101/
region_keys_2020 <- fread("kunta_1_20200101%23maakunta_1_20200101.csv", encoding = "Latin-1",
col.names = c("id_1", "Municipality", "id_2", "Region"), header = F)
# Get populations and ages per region per year
px_11rf <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rf.px",
query = list(
"Kunta" = c("*"),
"Sukupuoli" = c("1", "2"),
"Vuosi" = c("2016", "2017", "2018", "2019", "2020"),
"Ikä" = c("*"),
"Tiedot" = c("*")))
df_11rf <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_11rf, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_11rf |>
drop_na() |>
filter(Municipality != "WHOLE COUNTRY",
Age != "Total") |>
left_join(region_keys_2020, by = "Municipality") |>
mutate(Age = ifelse(Age == "100 -", "100", Age),
Age = as.integer(Age)) |>
mutate(Age_group = case_when(Age == 0 ~ "0",
between(Age, 1, 4) ~ "1 - 4",
between(Age, 5, 9) ~ "5 - 9",
between(Age, 10, 14) ~ "10 - 14",
between(Age, 15, 19) ~ "15 - 19",
between(Age, 20, 24) ~ "20 - 24",
between(Age, 25, 29) ~ "25 - 29",
between(Age, 30, 34) ~ "30 - 34",
between(Age, 35, 39) ~ "35 - 39",
between(Age, 40, 44) ~ "40 - 44",
between(Age, 45, 49) ~ "45 - 49",
between(Age, 50, 54) ~ "50 - 54",
between(Age, 55, 59) ~ "55 - 59",
between(Age, 60, 64) ~ "60 - 64",
between(Age, 65, 69) ~ "65 - 69",
between(Age, 70, 74) ~ "70 - 74",
between(Age, 75, 79) ~ "75 - 79",
between(Age, 80, 84) ~ "80 - 84",
between(Age, 85, 89) ~ "85 - 89",
between(Age, 90, 94) ~ "90 - 94",
between(Age, 95, 150) ~ "95 -",)) |>
rename(Population = "Population 31 Dec") |>
select(Municipality, Year, Sex, Population, Region, Age_group) |>
rename(Age = Age_group) |>
mutate(Region = case_when(Municipality == "Juankoski" ~ "North Savo",
Municipality == "Luvia" ~ "Satakunta",
Municipality == "Valtimo" ~ "North Karelia",
TRUE ~ Region)) |>
group_by(Region, Year, Age, Sex) |>
summarise(Population = sum(Population)) -> df_11rf
df_11rf |>
group_by(Year, Age, Sex) |>
summarise(Population_All_Regions = sum(Population)) -> df_all_regions
df_11rf |>
left_join(df_all_regions, by = c("Year", "Age", "Sex")) -> df_11rf
# Get Deaths by Underlying cause of death (time series classification), Age, Information, Gender and Year
px_11bs <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/ksyyt/statfin_ksyyt_pxt_11bs.px",
query = list(
"Tilaston peruskuolemansyy (aikasarjaluokitus)" = c("*"),
"Sukupuoli" = c("1", "2"),
"Vuosi" = c("2016", "2017", "2018", "2019", "2020"),
"Ikä" = c("*"),
"Tiedot" = c("*")))
df_11bs <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_11bs, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_11bs$`Underlying cause of death (time series classification)` |> unique() -> causes
df_11bs |>
rename(Cause = "Underlying cause of death (time series classification)",
Sex = Gender) |>
filter(Age != "Total") -> df_11bs
df_11rf |>
left_join(df_11bs, by = c("Age", "Sex", "Year")) |>
rename(Deaths_All_Regions = Deaths) |>
mutate(Expected = (Population / Population_All_Regions) * Deaths_All_Regions) |>
group_by(Region, Cause) |>
summarise(Expected = round(sum(Expected), 2)) -> df_11rf
# For causes of death per region
px_11bt <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/ksyyt/statfin_ksyyt_pxt_11bt.px",
query = list(
"Maakunta" = c("MK01", "MK02", "MK04", "MK05", "MK06", "MK07", "MK08", "MK09", "MK10",
"MK11", "MK12", "MK13", "MK14", "MK15", "MK16", "MK17", "MK18", "MK19", "MK21"),
"Tilaston peruskuolemansyy (aikasarjaluokitus)" = c("*"),
"Vuosi" = c("2016", "2017", "2018", "2019", "2020"),
"Tiedot" = c("*")))
df_11bt <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_11bt, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
# For Finnish translations
px_11bt_fi <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/fi/StatFin/ksyyt/statfin_ksyyt_pxt_11bt.px",
query = list(
"Maakunta" = c("MK01", "MK02", "MK04", "MK05", "MK06", "MK07", "MK08", "MK09", "MK10",
"MK11", "MK12", "MK13", "MK14", "MK15", "MK16", "MK17", "MK18", "MK19", "MK21"),
"Tilaston peruskuolemansyy (aikasarjaluokitus)" = c("*"),
"Vuosi" = c("2020"),
"Tiedot" = c("*")))
df_11bt_fi <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_11bt_fi, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_11bt_fi |>
rename(Cause_fi = "Tilaston peruskuolemansyy (aikasarjaluokitus)") |>
separate(Maakunta, into = c("ID", "Region_fi"), sep = " ", extra = "merge") |>
mutate(Cause_id = str_match(Cause_fi, "[:graph:]+[:space:]")) |>
select(ID, Region_fi, Cause_fi, Cause_id) -> df_11bt_fi
df_11bt |>
rename(Cause = "Underlying cause of death (time series classification)") |>
mutate(Year = as.integer(Year)) |>
separate(Region, into = c("ID", "Region"), sep = " ", extra = "merge") |>
group_by(ID, Region, Cause) |>
summarise(Deaths = sum(Deaths)) |>
mutate(Cause_id = str_match(Cause, "[:graph:]+[:space:]")) -> df_11bt
df_11bt |>
left_join(df_11bt_fi, by = c("ID", "Cause_id")) -> df_11bt
df_11rf |>
left_join(df_11bt, by = c("Region", "Cause")) |>
mutate(SMR = round(Deaths / Expected, 2)) |> # Standardized mortality ratio
select(Region_fi, Region, Cause_fi, Cause, Deaths, Expected, SMR
) -> df_11rf
# Get map
df_region_map <- get_municipalities(year = 2020, scale = 4500)
df_region_map <- df_region_map |>
group_by(maakunta_name_en) |>
summarise() |>
rename(Region = maakunta_name_en)
df_cause_region <- df_region_map |>
left_join(df_11rf, by = "Region")
# Function: Create plots
by_cause <- function(cause_en){
df_cause_region |>
filter(Cause == cause_en) -> df
subtitle_1 <- paste0(df[["Cause"]][[1]], "\n",
df[["Cause_fi"]][[1]])
subtitle_1 <- str_remove_all(subtitle_1, "\\(.+\\)")
ggplot(df) +
geom_sf(aes(geometry = geom, fill = SMR)) +
scale_fill_gradient2(low = muted("blue"),
mid = "white",
high = muted("red"),
midpoint = 1,
space="Lab") +
labs(fill = NULL) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.65),
legend.background = element_blank(),
legend.key.size = unit(0.2, "in"),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
plot.title = element_text(size = 11),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 10),
plot.title.position = "plot") -> p
df |>
ungroup() |>
filter(Cause == cause_en) |>
column_to_rownames(var = "Region_fi") |>
arrange(desc(SMR)) |>
select(Deaths, Expected, SMR) -> df
p <- p + tableGrob(df, theme = ttheme_default(base_size = 9)) +
plot_annotation(title = "Deaths vs expected deaths (2016-2020) for:",
subtitle = subtitle_1,
theme = theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 11),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 14)))
}
# Save plots
for (i in seq(from = 1, to = length(causes))) {
p <- by_cause(causes[i])
name = paste0("images//region//", as.character(i), ".png")
ggsave(filename = name, p, device = "png", dpi = 96,
width = 7.3, height = 6, units = c("in"))
}Deaths were calculated as sums of deaths for a five year period between 2016 and 2020 for each region. Expected deaths were calculated by comparing all deaths in Finland for that period and standardizing them for each region by age, sex and population. Then deaths were divided by expected deaths to get Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). SMR over 1 is represented with red, around 1 with white and under 1 with blue.
Sources:
Deaths by underlying cause of death and region
Deaths by underlying cause of death, age and gender for standardization
Populations and ages per region per year
Correspondence table between municipalities and regions (2020)
Municipality-based statistical units for the map
0-3 - Totals and certain infectious diseases
4-22 - Neoplasms (cancers)
23-30 - Endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, circulatory
31-35 - Diseases of the respiratory system
36-39 - Other diseases
40-54 Alcohol-related, accidents, violence and unknown
Life expectancy by sex
px_12am <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/kuol/statfin_kuol_pxt_12am.px",
query = list( "Sukupuoli" = c("1", "2"), "Vuosi" = c("*"), "Tiedot" = c("*")))
df_12am <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_12am, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_12am <- df_12am |>
rename(Life_exp = "Life expectancy at birth, years") |>
mutate(Year = str_sub(Year, 1, 4)) |>
mutate(Year = as.integer(Year),
Sex = as_factor(Sex))
ggplot(df_12am, aes(Year, Life_exp, color = Sex)) +
geom_line(size = 1.1) +
scale_colour_hue(direction = -1) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.75),
legend.background = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.06),
plot.tag.position = c(0.2, 1)) +
labs(subtitle = "Life expectancy by year and sex (1751-2021)", y = NULL, x = NULL,
caption = "source: Tilastokeskus 12am -- Life expectancy at birth by sex, 1751-2021"
) -> life_exp_plot
# Survivors of 100k born alive
px_12ap <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/kuol/statfin_kuol_pxt_12ap.px",
query = list("Sukupuoli" = c("1", "2"), "Vuosi" = c("*"),
"Tiedot" = c("elo100000synt")))
df_12ap <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_12ap, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_12ap |>
rename(survivors_100k = "Survivors of 100,000 born alive") |>
mutate(Sex = as_factor(Sex),
Year = as.integer(Year),
Age = as.integer(Age)) |>
group_by(Sex, Age) |>
summarise(survivors_100k = mean(survivors_100k)) |>
ggplot(aes(Age, survivors_100k, color = Sex)) +
geom_line(size = 1.1) +
scale_colour_hue(direction = -1) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.06),
plot.tag.position = c(0.2, 1)) +
labs(subtitle = "Survival of 100,000 born alive by age and sex", y = NULL, x = NULL,
caption = "source: Tilastokeskus 12ap -- Life table by age and sex, 1986-2020"
) -> survivors_plot
# Life expectancy by region
px_12an <- pxweb_get(url =
"https://statfin.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/kuol/statfin_kuol_pxt_12an.px",
query = list(
"Maakunta" = c("MK01", "MK02", "MK04", "MK05", "MK06", "MK07", "MK08", "MK09", "MK10",
"MK11", "MK12", "MK13", "MK14", "MK15", "MK16", "MK17", "MK18", "MK19", "MK21"),
"Vuosi" = c("2020"),
"Sukupuoli" = c("1", "2"),
"Tiedot" = c("*")))
df_12an <- as_tibble(as.data.frame(px_12an, column.name.type = "text", variable.value.type = "text"))
df_12an <- df_12an |>
rename(Life_exp = "Life expectancy at birth, years") |>
mutate(Region = str_remove_all(Region, "MK.. "))
df_life_region <- df_region_map |>
left_join(df_12an, by = c("Region"))
df_life_region |>
filter(Sex == "Females") |>
ggplot() +
geom_sf(aes(geometry = geom, fill = Life_exp)) +
scale_fill_distiller(palette = "Spectral", direction = 1) +
labs(title = "Life expectancy by region (2018-2020)", subtitle = "Females", fill = NULL) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.6),
legend.background = element_blank(),
legend.key.size = unit(0.15, "in"),
legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
panel.background = element_rect(colour = "#CC79A7"),
plot.margin = margin(r = 0, unit = "cm"),
plot.title = element_text(size = 11),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 10)
) -> life_exp_region_f_plot
df_life_region |>
filter(Sex == "Males") |>
ggplot() +
geom_sf(aes(geometry = geom, fill = Life_exp)) +
scale_fill_distiller(palette = "Spectral", direction = 1) +
labs(subtitle = "Males", fill = NULL) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.6),
legend.background = element_blank(),
legend.key.size = unit(0.15, "in"),
legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
panel.background = element_rect(colour = "#0072B2"),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 10)
) -> life_exp_region_m_plot
layout <- "
AA
AA
BB
BB
CD
CD
CD
"
plot_life_exp <- (life_exp_plot + survivors_plot +
life_exp_region_f_plot + life_exp_region_m_plot +
plot_layout(design = layout)) +
plot_annotation(caption = "source: Tilastokeskus 12an -- Life expectancy at birth by sex and region")
ggsave("images//plot_life_exp.png", plot_life_exp, device = "png", dpi = 120,
width = 7.5, height = 10, units = c("in"))